Keywords: campaign expenditures, electoral processes, campaign funds, election outcomes, poverty, cyber campaigning The candidates may also employ cyber campaign strategies by making use on social media as affordable and cheap way to do campaigns. It is recommended that the Commission on Election puts ceiling on election expenses to minimize campaign spending among the candidates thereby foster fair play during election campaigns. Examining election candidates' expenditures affords transparency, fair electoral processes and can provide check and balance towards corruption and its prospects of occurrence especially during election period. The study concludes that election financing and expenditures play a crucial role in determining voting behaviour and election outcomes. Because of limited income, Guadalupe residents aspiring to run in the local election were not able to take part in the election race. Ordinary aspiring candidate could not afford to raise the huge campaign needed funds. In effect, only 15 candidates ran for election in Guadalupe village out of 33,000 registered voters. Findings revealed that campaign funds of election candidates are too high compared to the average income of ordinary village residents. Secondary data substantiated the primary information generated from the research respondents. A descriptive survey research design was employed in the study through one-on-one interviews with identified respondents. The study also assessed the capability of Guadalupe village election candidates to run and win elections taking into account their income, campaign funds and incurred expenditures. This study examined and analysed the election expenditures incurred by local candidates during the latest 2013 village level election in Guadalupe, Cebu City, Philippines. Keywords: leadership styles, job performance, productivity, rank and file employees Other related studies may be pursued considering other variables or attributes of leadership styles not covered in this study. The company under study should continuously utilise and sustain the use of transactional and transformational leadership styles to keep employees' productive performance, although there is always room for improvement. It is concluded that managing the human capital of any company elicits full utilisation of good leadership styles supportive to the attainment of the company's set goals and objectives and employees' desired outputs and productivity. Accordingly, the employees exhibited outstanding performance towards the delivery of their works. These utilised leadership styles manifested strong influence on the performance and productivity of rank and file employees of the manufacturing company under study. The Laissez-faire leadership style was only moderately utilised while the autocratic leadership was the least utilised style also at the moderate level. Findings revealed that the branch Manager highly utilised transactional and transformational leadership styles in managing the manufacturing company. The study was carried out through a descriptive survey research design utilising a standardised survey questionnaire. In particular, it evaluated the manager's leadership styles as affirmed by the rank and file employees, and how these leadership styles influence the performance of said employees from the viewpoint of work quality, work quantity, job innovativeness, customer service and team spirit. This study assessed the leadership styles of a manufacturing company manager and how the styles of leadership influence rank and file employees' performance. In company management, several leadership styles are inherent and utilised by a manager or a leader. (European Journal of Management and Marketing Studies (2501 – 9988)
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